During the 1970s and 1980s, Chrysler also used the Hemi name for their Australian-made Hemi 6 Engine and applied it to the 4 cylinder Mitsubishi 2.6 L engine installed in various North American market vehicles.
Hemispherical engines:
A hemispherical cylinder head ("hemi-head") gives an efficient combustion chamber with minimal heat loss to the head, and allows for two large valves. However, a hemi-head allows no more than two valves per cylinder, and these large valves are necessarily heavier than in a multi-valve engine. The intake and exhaust valves lie on opposite sides of the chamber and necessitate a "cross-flow" head design. Since the combustion chamber is virtually a hemisphere, a flat-topped piston would yield too low a compression ratio unless a very long stroke is used, so to attain desired compression ratio the piston crown is domed to protrude into the head at top dead center, resulting in a combustion chamber in the shape of the thick peel of half an orange.
The hemi-head design places the spark plug at the center of the chamber to promote a strong flame front. However, if (as is typical) the hemi-head hemisphere is of equal diameter to the piston, there is minimal squish for proper turbulence to mix fuel and air thoroughly. Thus, hemi-heads, because of their lack of squish, are more sensitive to fuel octane rating; a given compression ratio will require a higher octane rating to avoid detonation in a hemi engine than in a conventional engine.
The hemi head usually has intake and exhaust valve stems that point in different directions, requiring a large, wide cylinder head and complex rocker arm geometry in both cam-in-block and overhead cam engines. This adds to the overall width of the engine, limiting the vehicles in which it can be installed.
Significant challenges in the commercialization of engines utilizing hemispherical chambers revolved around the design of the valve actuation, and how to make it effective, efficient, and reliable at an acceptable cost. This complexity was referenced early in Chrysler's development of their 1950s hemi engine: the head was referred to in company advertising as the Double Rocker head.
WWII:
Chrysler developed their first experimental hemi engine for the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter aircraft. The XIV-2220 engine was an inverted V16 rated at 2500 HP. The P-47 was already in production with a Pratt & Whitney radial engine when the XIV-2220 flew successfully in trials in 1945 as a possible upgrade, but the war was winding down and it did not go into production. However, the exercise gave Chrysler engineers valuable research and development experience with two-valve hemi combustion chamber dynamics and parameters.
In addition to the aircraft engine, Chrysler and Continental worked together to develop the air-cooled AV-1790-5B V12 Hemi engine used in the M47 Patton tank.
FirePower OHV V8:
Chrysler applied their military experience with the hemispherical combustion chamber to their first overhead-valve V8 engine, released under the name FirePower, not "Hemi", in 1950 for the 1951 model year. The first version of the FirePower engine had a displacement of 331 cui (5.4 L) and produced 180 HP. Eventually, each Chrysler divisions had its own versions of the FirePower engine, with different displacements and designations, and having almost no parts in common. Chrysler and Imperial called their versions the FirePower. DeSoto called theirs the FireDome. Dodge had a smaller version, known as the Red Ram. Only Plymouth didn't have a version, instead retaining the poly-head engines: there was no Plymouth hemi engine until the 1964 426.
Collectively, the 1951-'58 Hemi engines are now commonly referred to as first-generation Hemi engines, and the group can be identified by the rear-mounted distributor and the spark plugs in a row down the center of wide valve covers.
Briggs Cunningham used the Chrysler version in some of his race cars for international motor sports. A Chrysler-powered Cunningham C5-R won its class in 1953. Cunningham switched away from these designs in 1959 when Chrysler abandoned the hemispherical concept in favor of the wedge-head B engine.
Chrysler and Imperial:
All Chrysler FirePower engines are oversquare; the bore is larger than the stroke.
331:
This first FirePower engine, used from 1951 to 1955, has a bore of 3.8125 in and a stroke of 3.625 in for a piston displacement of 331 cui (5.4 L). Most used a two-barrel carburetor and produced 180 HP , with the famous exception of the 1955 Chrysler C-300 equipped with dual Carter WCFB four-barrel carburetors.
The 331 engine was used in the following applications:
1951–1955 Chrysler New Yorker
1951–1954 Chrysler Imperial and 1955 ImperialA
1951 Chrysler Saratoga (optional)
1952 Chrysler Saratoga Club Coupe (optional)
1952 Chrysler Imperial Parade Phaeton
1955 Chrysler C-300
The Chrysler air raid siren. At 138 decibels, it is the loudest siren ever made.
354:
The 354, released in 1956, had a bore of 3.9375 in and stroke of 3.625 in. The 300B engine was rated at 340 HP, while the New Yorker and Imperial 354 engine configuration produced 280 HP. For the 300B an optional 355 HP version was available, making it the first American V-8 to be rated at one horsepower per cubic inch. Note that before 1972, horsepower was SAE gross. After 1972, horsepower is SAE net. The 354 was also modified. The hemi was optimized for heavy-duty truck service. These were available with one or two four-barrel carburetors, and were offered in Dodge's heaviest duty models as the 'Power Giant V-8' from 1957 through 1959; they were the largest of four hemi truck engines offered by Dodge in the 1950s. The 354 was also offered in certain models with polyspheric heads rather than hemi heads. The combustion chambers on these had similarities to both hemi and wedge heads, but were closer in weight to wedge heads. Thus, both 354 poly and 354 hemi V-8 engines were variously available in 1957.
The 354 engine was used in the following applications:
1956 Chrysler New Yorker
1956 Chrysler 300B
1956 Imperial Custom & Crown
1957 Dodge D-501
1957–1959 Dodge C Series Pickup
392:
The 392 raised-deck engine released in 1957 had a 4.00 in (101.6 mm) bore and 3.906 in stroke. The deck height, at 10.87 in (276.1 mm), was 0.5 in (13 mm) taller than that of the previous blocks. Because its deck was taller, the heads were cast wider so that earlier manifolds could be used with the new heads on the new taller block. For 1958, Chrysler offered the 392 in two configurations: 325 HP with 9.25:1 compression and 345 HP with 10:1 compression, both with a single four-barrel carburetor. A dual four-barrel version of the 392 available in the 1957-58 Chrysler 300C & 300D cars was rated at 375 HP. An extremely rare option available on the 1958 300D was Bendix "Electrojector" fuel injection, with which the 392 was rated at 390 HP. Due to reliability problems with the primitive onboard computer which controlled the injection system, however, 15 of the 16 300D cars built with the fuel injection option were recalled and retrofitted with carburetors.
The 392 engine was used in the following applications:
1957–1958 Chrysler New Yorker
1957–1958 Imperial
1957 Chrysler 300C
1958 Chrysler 300D
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, drag racers found the 392 to be a formidable engine and continued to run them competitively into the 1970s.
DeSoto:
276:
In 1952, DeSoto introduced its version of the FirePower with a bore of 3.625 in (92.1 mm) and stroke of 3.344 in (84.9 mm), for a displacement of 276.1 cui (4.5 L). Power output was 160 HP. It was a hot seller, with 50,000 vehicles using the engine until it was replaced in 1954.
291:
An increase in displacement to 290.8 cui (4.8 L) was made for 1955 by increasing the bore to 3.72 in (94.5 mm).
330:
The DeSoto engine was enlarged for 1956 to 329.9 cui (5.4 L). Bore was the same as the 291 at 3.72 in (94.5 mm), but stroke was increased to 3.80 in (96.5 mm) and a taller (raised-deck) block was used.
341:
Displacement was increased again for 1956 (DeSoto Adventurer only) and 1957 (Firedome and Fireflite models) to 341.1 cui (5.6 L). Bore was now 3.78 in (96.0 mm) with stroke remaining at 3.80 in (96.5 mm). The DeSoto Adventurer produced 343 HP using dual Carter WCFB four-barrel carburetors—more than one horsepower per cubic inch. The 1956 DeSoto Adventurer was the premiere named high-performance version—the DeSoto equivalent of the Chrysler 300—using dual Carter WCFB four-barrel carburetors. The Adventurer engine for 1956 used a displacement of 341 CID (3.78" bore by 3.80" stroke) and had a compression ratio of 9.5:1, using a special hydraulic camshaft profile.
345:
The largest DeSoto engine for 1957 was the DeSoto Adventurer offering 344.6 cui (5.6 L) with square bore and stroke dimensions of 3.80 inches. The DeSoto Adventurer used dual Carter WCFB four-barrel carburetors for a rating of 345 HP, again producing one horsepower per cubic inch utilizing a similar intake manifold to the 1956 341 Adventurer and a similar camshaft. Compression ratio remained at 9.5:1.
Dodge:
Dodge's Hemi was introduced in 1953 as the Red Ram. Dodge did not have a V8 engine until one was developed specifically for the line in 1953 based on the 1951 Chrysler hemi design, but down-sized for these smaller cars. They have the smallest bore center distance of any hemi engine at 4.1875 in (106.4 mm). They do not share any major dimensions or components with the larger Chrysler and DeSoto hemi engines, or the Plymouth A engines. From 1955 to 1958 lower performance versions of the Dodge hemi were introduced by substituting less complex poly (single rocker shaft) heads and valve train parts, including one variant only built as a poly (259"). These were used in low-line 1955-58 DeSotos and Dodges, and 1955-56 high-line Plymouths.
241:
Dodge introduced the 241.3 cui (4.0 L) engine in 1953. Bore was 3.4375 in (87.3 mm) and stroke was 3.25 in (82.6 mm). With a low compression ratio of 7.0:1 (in 1953 and for the 1954 Meadowbrook), the 241 produced 140 HP. For 1954, the more senior Dodges received 150 HP thanks to a higher 7.5:1 compression ratio. This engine is not the same as the Plymouth 241, which had polyspherical, not hemi heads. The 241 only lasted two years, being replaced by the 270 for 1955.
270:
The D553 1955/1956 Dodge Red Ram Hemi 270 displaced 270 cui (4.4 L) and was used in the 1955 and 1956 Dodge high-line (premium) vehicles. Bore was 3.625 in (92.1 mm) and stroke was 3.25 in (82.6 mm). It was not the same as the 270 poly-head. In the Dodge Coronet, running 7.6:1 compression ratio, the 270 produced 183 HP. In higher trims like the Dodge Royal, the "Super Red Ram" ran the same compression ratio but with a four-barrrel Carburetor produced 193 HP.
315:
For 1956, Dodge increased the displacement to 315 cui (5.2 L) with a longer 3.80 in (96.5 mm) stroke and a taller raised-deck block and now with a polyspherical heads—no longer a Hemi. But the optional high-performance D-500 version of this engine had a four-barrel carburetor and a larger valved Dodge hemisherical combustion chambered head. Also, a "race only" package called the D-500-1 or DASH 1 was available with a special aluminum dual four barrel intake that sported a pair of Carter WCFB caburetors similar to the ones on the Chrysler 300B and DeSoto Adventurer. This engine utilized the same cylinders heads as the base D-500 model.
325:
Dodge released a 325 cui (5.3 L) engine for 1957. The engine used a 3.6875 in (93.7 mm) bore and 3.80 in (96.5 mm) stroke. The base engine offering was now a polyspheric chambered head referenced as 'KDS', and a higher performance 325 was offered with hemi heads as the 'KD-500'. Again there was a low volume offering of a 'KD-500-1' with dual four barrel carburetors. All engines now, however, had hydraulic camshafts even though the hemi headed offerings sported "dimples" in the valve covers for mechanical adjuster clearance.
426: The Elephant
The hemispherical head design was revived in 1964. These were the first engines officially designated Hemi, a name Chrysler trademarked. Chrysler Hemi engines of this generation displaced 426 cui (7.0 L). Just 11000 Hemi engines were ultimately produced for consumer sale due to their relatively high cost and the sheer size of the engine bay required to fit it in. The 426 Hemi was nicknamed the "elephant engine" at the time, a reference to its high power, heavy weight and large physical dimensions. Its 10.72 in (272.3 mm) deck height and 4.80 in (121.9 mm) bore spacing made it the biggest engine in racing at the time.
The 426 Hemi of the 1960s was an engine produced for use in NASCAR, used in a racing version of a Plymouth Belvedere in 1964. It was not initially available to the general buying public. The 426 Hemi was not allowed to compete in NASCAR's 1965 season due to its unavailability in production vehicles sold to the general public and because of complaints by Ford regarding its power. However several special production cars were produced and sold with the 426 Hemi. These were the Dodge Dart and Plymouth Fury later in 1965 included the Dodge Coronet and included aluminum fenders and bumpers and for drag racing. However they were sold to the general public. Chrysler introduced the "Street" Hemi in 1966 for its intermediate range of cars and sold the required number of Hemi engines to the public to legitimize its use for NASCAR in 1966. The "Street Hemi" was the same as the racing Hemi but with lower compression (10.25:1 from 12.5:1) a smaller cam shaft, with iron headers instead of lighter steel long tube headers.
Although all manufacturers were familiar with multi-valve engines and hemispherical combustion chambers, adding more valves per cylinder, or designing the complex valve train needed for a hemispherical chamber, were expensive ways of improving the high-RPM breathing of production vehicles. By canting the angle of the NASCAR-mandated two valves per cylinder, significantly larger valves could be used. The Chrysler hemi had an oversquare 4.25 in (108.0 mm) bore and 3.75 in (95.3 mm) stroke as did the wedge-chambered big-block Chrysler RB.
The 426 Hemi also was used in NHRA and AHRA drag racing. Its large casting allowed the engine to be overbored and stroked to displacements unattainable in the other engines of the day. Top-fuel racing organizers limited the bore spacing of engines until very recently, when under pressure from Ford and other manufacturers, the bore spacing allowed was increased to 4900 in (124.5 mm)—this allows other engines such as the Ford 385 series to begin to compete. The engines based on the old Chrysler design predominate Top Fuel and Funny Car classes due to plentiful parts, large amount of research and development, as well as decades of experience with the problems of the engine's design. In drag racing today, the engine bears little resemblance to any engine produced by FCA; it is usually equipped with a large Roots type supercharger and short individual exhaust pipes, and fueled with nitromethane. Yet, this variant is used in Top Fuel, Funny Car, and Pro Modified classes.
The 426 Hemi, in "street Hemi" form, was produced for consumer automobiles from 1965 through 1971. There were many differences between the Hemi and the Wedge-head big-block, including cross-bolted main bearing caps and a different head bolt pattern. There were also many differences between the racing Hemi's and the street Hemi, including but not limited to compression ratio, camshaft, intake manifold, exhaust manifold. Some 1960s NASCAR and NHRA Hemi engines featured magnesium cross-ram intake manifolds and magnesium oil pans in an attempt to reduce the massive weight of the overall engine, along with chain-driven internal dry-sump oil systems. Today, aftermarket blocks, heads, intakes, rods and pistons are usually made of aluminum.
The street Hemi version was rated at 425 HP with two Carter AFB carburetors. In actual dynamometer testing, it produced 433.5 horsepower and 472 lb·ft (640 NM) torque in purely stock form. Interestingly, Chrysler's sales literature published both the gross 425 HP and net 350 HP ratings for 1971.
To avoid confusion with earlier (1951–'58) and current Hemi engines, the 426-based Hemi is sometimes called the "2G" or "Gen 2" Hemi.
The street version of the 2G Hemi engine was used (optionally, in all but the last case) in the following vehicles:
1966–1970 Dodge Coronet/Plymouth Belvedere
1966–1971 Plymouth Satellite
1966–1971 Dodge Charger
1967–1971 Plymouth GTX
1968 Dodge Dart SS (SuperStock)
1968 Plymouth Barracuda SS
1968–1971 Dodge Super Bee
1968–1971 Plymouth Road Runner
1969 Dodge Charger Daytona
1970 Plymouth Superbird
1970–1971 Plymouth Barracuda
1970–1971 Dodge Challenger
1970 Monteverdi Hai 450
1970 Plymouth Fury GT
Modern Hemi:
The current-production "HEMI" engine heads are flatter and more complex than the 1950s–'70s Hemi V8 chamber. The chambers are no longer truly hemispherical. It uses a coil-on-plug distributorless ignition system and two spark plugs per cylinder to shorten flame travel leading to more consistent combustion and reduced emissions. Like most of Chrysler's past-model Hemi-head engines, the 5.7 version is rated at approximately one horsepower per cubic inch (the current engines are SAE net, whereas the old Hemi engines were rated SAE gross). For the 2009 model year power has been increased to 357-395 horsepower and 389 - 410 lb-ft (527 - 556 NM) depending on application. It also achieves 4% better fuel economy. Variable valve timing (VVT) was also introduced.
A new variable displacement technology called Multi-Displacement System (MDS) is used in some versions which can shut off two cylinders on each bank under light load to improve fuel economy.
5.7:
The 5.7 L Hemi was released for model year 2003 on the Dodge Ram 1500, 2500, and 3500 pickup trucks to complement the Magnum 5.9 engine. As of 2004 it was the only available gasoline engine in the Ram Heavy Duty. Chrysler later made the 5.7 L Hemi available in all models of the 2004 Dodge Ram, Dodge Durango, the 2005 Chrysler 300C, Dodge Magnum R/T, Jeep Grand Cherokee, the 2006 Dodge Charger R/T, and the 2009 Dodge Challenger R/T. For the Challenger, the 6-speed version does not feature MDS. The 2014 5.7 L Hemi does have the MDS with 395 HP.
The 5.7 L (345 cui) Hemi in the Ram delivered 345 HP and 398 lb·ft (540 NM), but 340 HP and 390 lb-ft (529 NM) for the 300C and Magnum R/T, which is exactly 100 HP more than the old 5.9 engine. It is a 90-degree V8, 2 valve pushrod design like the past MB engines, displacing 5654 cm3 (345 cui), with a bore of 3.917 in and a stroke of 3.578 in.
The 5.7 L Hemi is made at Chrysler's Saltillo Engine plant in Ramos Arizpe, Mexico.
The Hemi was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2003 through 2007, and again in 2009.
This engine is used in the following vehicles:
2003–present Dodge Ram
2004–2009, 2011–present Dodge Durango
2005–present Chrysler 300C
2005–2008 Dodge Magnum R/T
2005–present Dodge Charger R/T
2005–present Jeep Grand Cherokee
2006–2010 Jeep Commander
2007–2009 Chrysler Aspen
2009–present Dodge Challenger, Dodge Durango R/T
2009 Revisions:
Chrysler has made various revisions to the 5.7 L for the 2009 model year. The first for all applications is what Chrysler calls Variable Camshaft Timing or VCT. VCT (which is essentially variable valve timing) uses an oil control valve which controls oil flow to a unique camshaft sprocket which contains a phasing device, which depending on the operation of the oil control valve either advances or retards camshaft timing.
Cylinder heads have been revised to increase flow. Though the intake manifold has also been changed on all applications, it is however model specific. Dodge Ram, non-Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Chrysler Aspens, and non-HEV Dodge Durango utilize an active intake manifold with a short runner valve to optimize torque and horsepower. At lower engine rpm the valve is closed, resulting in improved low-end torque from the longer runners. At higher engine rpm the valve is opened, diverting the incoming air into the center of the manifold. The shorter runners results in improved horsepower. Passenger cars, Jeep vehicles, as well as HEV Chrysler Aspen and HEV Dodge Durango do not use this manifold, these vehicles utilize a passive intake manifold, which does not have a short runner valve.
6 speed manual transmission and all Heavy Duty truck applications will differ by not having the Multi-Displacement System (MDS). The new version of the 5.7 L has five different camshaft profiles. All will have VCT.
Active intake with MDS
Active intake without MDS
Passive intake with MDS
Passive intake without MDS
HEV Application (modified version of passive intake with MDS)
2011+ Power Numbers
300C: 363 HP, 394 lb-ft (534 NM)
Charger R/T: 370 HP, 395 lb-ft (536 NM)
Challenger R/T 5 Speed Automatic: 372 HP, 400 lb·ft (542 NM)
Challenger R/T 6 Speed Manual: 375 HP, 410 lb-ft (556 NM)
Ram 1500 Truck: 390 HP, 407 lb-ft (552 NM)
2013+ Ram 1500 Truck: 395 HP, 407 lb-ft (552 NM)
Jeep Grand Cherokee and Jeep Commander: 360 HP, 390 lb-ft (529 NM)
Dodge Durango: 360 HP, 390 lb-ft (529 NM)
6.1:
The Hemi is also available in a 6059 cm3 (3697 cui) version. The engine's bore is 4.06 inches and many other changes were made to allow it to produce 425 HP at 6200 rpm and 420 pound force-feet (569 NM) of torque at 4800 rpm. The engine block is different from the 5.7, with revised coolant channels and oil jets to cool the pistons. A forged crankshaft, lighter pistons, and strengthened connecting rods add durability. A cast aluminum intake manifold is tuned for high-RPM power and does not include variable-length technology. Chrysler's Multi-Displacement System is not used on the 6.1.
Applications:
2005–2010 Chrysler 300C SRT–8
2005–2008 Dodge Magnum SRT-8
2006–2010 Dodge Charger SRT-8
2006–2010 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT-8
2008–2010 Dodge Challenger SRT-8
6.2 Hellcat:
For 2015, Chrysler introduced an all-new high performance supercharged variant of the Hemi engine, called the Hellcat (named after the Grumman F6F Hellcat). It features the same 103.9 mm (4.090 in) bore as the 6.4 L Hemi and the same 90.9 mm (3.578 in) stroke as the 5.7 L, giving it a total displacement of 6166 cm3 (376.3 cui). The supercharger is a 2380 cm3 (145 cui) twin-screw IHI unit with integrated charge coolers, capable of producing 11.6 psi (80 kPa) of boost. This engine is rated at 707 HP and 650 lb-ft (880 NM) and has a 9.5:1 compression ratio. This engine marks the most powerful engine produced by Chrysler as well as the most powerful engine ever in a muscle car. This engine is not equipped with Chrysler's Multi-Displacement System system.
Applications:
2015–present Dodge Challenger
2015–present Dodge Charger
6.4 / 392 Apache:
Chrysler displayed a larger and more powerful 392 cubic-inch (6.4 L) Hemi in 2005 with a conservative factory rated output of 525 HP and 510 lb-ft (691 NM) torque. It is equipped with high-strength forged aluminium alloy pistons. This engine has been available since 2007, as a crate under the name 392 Hemi.
The production version of the 392 Hemi was launched in the 2011 Dodge Challenger SRT8 with variable camshaft timing as well as MDS in cars with automatic transmissions. The new 392 Hemi, codenamed "Apache," is based on the third-generation 5.7 L Hemi, codenamed "Eagle," and shares few parts with the 392 crate engine. In late 2009 Chrysler has said the new engine will be available in the next generation SRT8 Dodge Charger, Chrysler 300C, and Jeep Grand Cherokee. Special-edition Challengers equipped with this engine, and the engines themselves, will bear "392 HEMI" badging in commemorative reference to the first-generation Hemi engine of the same piston displacement. In other applications, the engine is badged as "6.4L HEMI". It is much more similar to the revised 5.7 L V8 Hemi that was released in 2009 and is a completely different block and build than the 392 crate engine. Output is 470 HP and 470 lb-ft (637 NM). Availability of the 6.4 is to expand to the Chrysler 300SRT8, Dodge Charger SRT8, the Ram 2500 and 3500 trucks, and the Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT8.
Mopar 426 HEMI:
At the 2012 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Dodge debuted a Mopar Customized Dodge Charger "Redline" that featured a modern 426 cubic inch (7.0 L) HEMI V8 engine rated at 590 HP.
 |
| 1957 Chrysler 300C Hemi |
 |
| 1971 Hemi Cuda |
 |
| 5.7 Hemi |
 |
| 6.1 Hemi |
 |
| Dodge Channager SRT8 6.4 Hemi |
 |
| Dodge Charger 426 Hemi |
 |
| 6.2 Supercharged Hellcat |
No comments:
Post a Comment